|
''Idola tribus'' (singular ''Idolum tribus'') is a category of logical fallacy, normally translated as "Idols of the Tribe", which refers to a tendency of human nature, to prefer certain types of incorrect conclusions. It is a Latin term, coined by Sir Francis Bacon and used in his ''Novum Organum'', one of the earliest treatises arguing the case for the methodical approach of modern science. The term is one of four such "idols" which represent "idols and false notions which are now in possession of the human understanding, and have taken deep root therein, not only so beset men's minds that truth can hardly find entrance, but even after entrance is obtained, they will again in the very instauration of the sciences meet and trouble us, unless men being forewarned of the danger fortify themselves as far as may be against their assaults".〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XXXVIII〕 Besides ''idola tribus'', there are also ''idola specus'', (Idols of the Cave, caused by one's personal peculiarities and experiences) ''idola fori'' (Idols of the Market Place, caused by language) and ''idola theatri'' (Idols of the Theatre, caused by philosophers). And so in this category are cases of people being misled by anthropomorphism. In more detail, Bacon enumerated several specific such barriers to science which are part of human nature, coming into this category: *"The human understanding is of its own nature prone to suppose the existence of more order and regularity in the world than it finds."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XLV〕 *"The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion (either as being the received opinion or as being agreeable to itself) draws all things else to support and agree with it."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XLVI〕 *"The human understanding is moved by those things most which strike and enter the mind simultaneously and suddenly, and so fill the imagination; and then it feigns and supposes all other things to be somehow, though it cannot see how, similar to those few things by which it is surrounded."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XLVII〕 *"The human understanding is unquiet; it cannot stop or rest, and still presses onward, but in vain. Therefore it is that we cannot conceive of any end or limit to the world, but always as of necessity it occurs to us that there is something beyond."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XLVIII〕 Bacon gives as example the Aristotelian doctrine of final cause, which he says has "relation clearly to the nature of man rather than to the nature of the universe; and from this source have strangely defiled philosophy". *"The human understanding is no dry light, but receives an infusion from the will and affections; whence proceed sciences which may be called "sciences as one would." For what a man had rather were true he more readily believes."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism XLIX〕 *"But by far the greatest hindrance and aberration of the human understanding proceeds from the dullness, incompetency, and deceptions of the senses; in that things which strike the sense outweigh things which do not immediately strike it, though they be more important."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism L〕 *"The human understanding is of its own nature prone to abstractions and gives a substance and reality to things which are fleeting."〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism LI〕 Bacon said that the Idols of the Tribe "take their rise either from the homogeneity of the substance of the human spirit, or from its preoccupation, or from its narrowness, or from its restless motion, or from an infusion of the affections, or from the incompetency of the senses, or from the mode of impression".〔''Novum Organum'', Aphorism LII〕 ==See also== *Idols of the mind *Doxa 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「idola tribus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|